DIFFERENT
SYSTEM OF TRAININGS OF GRAPES:-
BOWER SYSTEM: In this system criss-cross network of wires is made
about 2.1 x 2.4 m on the pillars with holes at 60cm apart. The vines are
allowed to grow up to the height of the wires either by stacking or tying, two
primary branches with three secondaries on either side are allowed to grow so
that each result into twelve secondaries are developed on reaching the height of wires. Vines are then pinched off
to produce side shoots. These secondaries are then produced 8-10 tertiaries to fruit or to form the fruiting canes.
KNIFFIN SYSTEM:
Here, 2 trellis of wires are strung supported
by vertical posts. The vine is trained so that it bears 4 canes one along each
wire and bearing shoots can hang freely. In this system, 2 wires are stretched
horizontally at the height of 0.90m and 0.60m.height. Vines are planted at
2-4m.distance between 2 poles supported by sticks to allow single stem to grow
with one arm horizontally to either side so that each arm having with the
results into 4 arms.
TELEPHONE SYSTEM: Under this system, ‘T’ trellis is used with 3 top
wires on ‘T’ shaped supports which looks like a ‘Telephone pole and wires’.
Here, primaries are developed to grow from the main stem. From these primaries, short secondaries of 30-45cm are developed on both the side at an irregular
intervals forming an umbrella type of framework. These secondaries are
developed the fruiting canes.
TATURA
TRELLIS OF ‘V’ / ‘Y’- TRELLIS SYSTEM:-
CORDON SYSTEM: -Under this system of
training to get better exposure of
sunlight, the vines are planted obliquely at an angle of 450.
The plants are supported by wires and stretched
tightly along the direction of the rows. Here, wires are placed to a
height of 0.8 – 1 m, 1.5 –1.7 m. and 2.5 – 3m. above the ground level. In the
cordon system of training, generally the main trunk of the vine is allowed to
developed up to a height of 3 m (i.e. position of the last wire is stretched )
which carries the fruiting spurs on attaining to the different height of the
wires, either one shoot from the main trunk is trained to extend horizontally
on one side of the wire trellis, i.e. unilateral horizontal cordon or two shoots are trained to extend
i.e. bilateral horizontal cordon is
developed.
GROWTH HABIT OF GRAPEVINE : Branching habit - ‘ Helicoid’ i.e. every alternate bud will be
on one side of the cane. In a growing state, the first, third and fifth terminal buds will grow on
one side, while the second, fourth and sixth buds will be grown on the opposite side of its earlier nodal growths.
Effect of training and pruning on vine’s growth
: - While
trains the vine, vines are slowly developed to cover the whole structure of
the training system with primary,
secondary and tertiary growth of such
vine branches to get a maximum fruiting
zones on canes or spurs of a vine. It is
possible through pruning and training
process followed over a period of
years. Otherwise, if the vines are not pruned properly it will remain
unproductive and will produce fruiting
wood at the apical ends of the vine with few fruitlets only(it is due to
Apical Dominance.)Therefore, these two cultural operations or practices are
more important in viticulture.
PRUNING:-The time of pruning in grapes depends on
:
(I). Type of annual growth cycle of the vine.
(II). Prevalent climatic condition of the planted area.
Pruning A/C
Climatic zones:-
1. Temperate climate zone:- During
dormant period of the vine i.e. in winter (January) Forward/winter/ Pruning
for cropping.(SINGLE PRUNING
FOR SINGLE CROP).
2. Subtropical climatic
zone:- Pruning is done
like temperate zone in February – Forward/winter/ Pruning for cropping.(SINGLE PRUNING FOR
SINGLE CROP).
3. Tropical climate zone:- Vines do
not undergo dormancy. It grows continuously round the year. Pruning done once a
year in summer (March- April) – Foundation / Back/Growth/Summer Pruning and
again in September -- November- Forward
/ Pruning for cropping.(DOUBLE PRUNING FOR SINGLE CROP).
4. Low
latitude of winter less tropical zone:- Temperature remains higher in all the year-round. Pruning done like Tropical climatic zone.
Manipulating of pruning practice is done here for getting 2
crops in a year.
Once in May—November and again in November– January. (DOUBLE PRUNING FOR DOUBLE CROPS).
BUD BREAK:- In temperate climatic conditions after
‘Forward Pruning’, treatments are given
to the top buds of the pruned vines, to sprout them in a maximum way through
– 1. Cane twisting, 2. Thiourea (3-4.5
%) treatment by smearing the buds, etc.
are important.